traditional rational explanations, emphasizing the profound influence of crowd psychology, ancestral instincts, and the power of belief over rational thought. The opening of the book begins with an introduction that reflects on the ongoing revision of historical knowledge and the uncertain understanding even among those who lived through revolutionary periods like the French Revolution. Le Bon asserts that many pivotal historical events remain misunderstood because previous interpretations neglected the psychological underpinnings driving human behavior. He reviews his earlier works on the psychology of peoples, crowds, and beliefs, then sets out his argument: revolutions, whether scientific, religious, or political, are largely dictated by non-rational forces such as emotion, mass contagion, and mysticism. The text offers detailed early comparisons between scientific and political/religious revolutions, illustrating how belief and passion override logic, and uses the history of the Reformation and the French Revolution as key examples. The opening sections present Le Bon’s thesis that true understanding of revolutions requires placing collective psychology at the center of historical analysis. (This is an automatically generated summary.)